Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Tsaron lissafi tare da tattalin arziki
Kuɗaɗen dijital na yarjejeniya na Nakamoto kamar Bitcoin da Ethereum suna ba da cikakken littafin kuɗi na jama'a wanda aka sani da blockchain. Wannan fasahar yarjejeniya tana ba da damar ainihin ma'amalolin Bitcoin yayin da ma'amalolin Ethereum ke aiwatar da rubutun lissafi masu rikitarwa ta hanyar kwangiloli masu hikima.
Masu haƙo ma'adinai marasa suna ƙayyade ingancin ma'amala ba tare da babban iko ba, amma amincin blockchain ya dogara da ƙaramin nauyin tabbatarwa. Duk da samun mafi ƙarfin albarkatun lissafi a tarihi, Bitcoin da Ethereum ba su ba da ƙarfin tabbatarwa fiye da na wayar hannu ta yau da kullun saboda Matsalar Mai Tabbatarwa.
1.1 Lissafin waje
Tsarin yana ba da damar amintaccen lissafin waje zuwa hanyar sadarwar Ethereum, yana ba masu amfani damar karɓar amsoshi daidai don lissafi masu rikitarwa yayin kiyaye tsaron blockchain.
1.2 Tasiri mai amfani
Aikace-aikacen nan take sun haɗa da tafkunan ma'adinai na rarrabuwa waɗanda kwangilolin Ethereum masu hikima ke aiki da su, kuɗaɗen dijital masu ɗaukar ma'amala mai girma, da canja wurin kuɗi marar amana tsakanin tsare-tsaren kuɗaɗen dijital marasa alaƙa.
1.3 Kwangiloli masu hikima
Kwangilolin Ethereum masu hikima suna ba da damar ayyukan kuɗi da na bayanai masu rikitarwa dangane da kimanta rubutun lissafi, suna samar da tushe don tsarin tabbatarwa na TrueBit.
2. Yaya TrueBit ke aiki
TrueBit ya ƙunshi layer na ƙarfafawa na kuɗi a saman layer na warware gardama wanda ke ɗaukar nau'i na "wasan tabbatarwa" mai fa'ida. Wannan tsarin layer biyu yana ba da damar lissafi mai girma akan Ethereum yayin kiyaye garanti na tsaro.
2.1 Kaddarorin tsarin
Tsarin yana ba da amincin lissafi, rai, da dacewar ƙarfafawa ta hanyar ƙirar ingantaccen tsarin tattalin arziki.
2.2 Zato
TrueBit yana ɗaukan ƴan wasa na tattalin arziki masu hankali da kuma wanzuwar aƙalla mai tabbatarwa guda ɗaya a cikin tsarin don kiyaye tsaro.
2.3 Samfurin maharin
Yarjejeniyar tana karewa daga hanyoyin kai hari daban-daban ciki har da hare-haren Sybil, tafkunan haɗin kai, da cin amfanar tattalin arziki ta hanyar ingantattun tsarin ƙarfafawa.
3. Layer na warware gardama
Babban ƙirƙira na TrueBit shine wasan tabbatarwa, wanda ke ba da damar warware gardama mai inganci don sakamakon lissafi.
3.1 Matsalar toshewa: Matsalar Mai Tabbatarwa
Matsalar Mai Tabbatarwa ta faru ne lokacin da masu haƙo ma'adinai ba su da isasshiyar ƙarfafawa don tabbatar da lissafi masu rikitarwa, wanda zai iya ba da damar shigar da ma'amaloli marasa inganci cikin blockchain. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin rarrabuwar Bitcoin na Yuli 4 da hare-haren hana sabis na Ethereum na 2016.
3.2 Magani: Wasan tabbatarwa
Wasan tabbatarwa yana amfani da tsarin hujja mai ma'ana da yarjejeniyoyin raba biyu don gano kurakuran lissafi yadda ya kamata yayin rage albarkatun kan sarkar.
3.3 Cikakken yarjejeniya
Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi zagaye da yawa inda masu tabbatarwa ke ƙalubalantar lissafin masu warwarewa, tare da warware gardama ta hanyar tabbatar da aiwatarwa mataki-mataki.
3.4 Lokacin aiki da binciken tsaro
Tsarin ya cimma rikitarwa na logarithmic a cikin warware gardama dangane da girman lissafi, yana mai da shi mai amfani don manyan lissafi.
4. Layer na ƙarfafawa
Layer na tattalin arziki yana tabbatar da halaltaccen shiga ta hanyar lallashin lada da hukunci.
4.1 Jakunkuna
Ladan jakunkuna na bazuwar suna ba da ƙarfafawar tattalin arziki ga masu tabbatarwa su shiga cikin tsarin tabbatarwa.
4.2 Haraji
Harajin ma'amala yana ba da kuɗi ga tafkin ƙarfafawa kuma yana tabbatar da aiki mai dorewa na yanayin tabbatarwa.
4.3 Ajiyar kuɗi
Ajiyar kuɗi na tsaro daga masu warwarewa da masu tabbatarwa suna haifar da tattalin arziki wanda ke hana mugun hali.
4.4 Samar da kurakurai tilas
Tsarin da gangan yana gabatar da kurakurai tilas don gwada tsayawar mai tabbatarwa da kuma tabbatar da shiga cikin aiki.
4.5 Zaɓen Mai warwarewa da Mai Tabbatarwa
Ana zaɓen mahalarta ta hanyar tsarin samfurin bazuwar wanda ke hana wasa da tsarin.
4.6 Bayyani game da yarjejeniya
Cikakkiyar yarjejeniya tana haɗa warware gardama tare da ƙarfafawar tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin haɗin kai.
4.7 Binciken hankali
Hanyoyin tabbatarwa da yawa suna tabbatar da amincin tsarin da kuma hana cin amfani.
5. Kariya
TrueBit ya ƙunshi ingantattun kariya daga hanyoyin kai hari daban-daban.
5.1 Hare-haren Sybil na biyu-biyu
Tsarin yana hana hare-haren Sybil ta hanyar shingen tattalin arziki da hanyoyin tabbatar da ainihi.
5.2 Guda uku
Hanyoyin kariya guda uku masu haɗawa suna aiki tare don samar da ingantattun garanti na tsaro.
5.3 Tafkunan haɗin kai
Rashin ƙarfafawar tattalin arziki da samfurin bazuwar suna hana haɗin kai tsakanin mahalarta.
5.4 Akan 'ya'yan itacen da ba su da ƙarfi
Tsarin yana magance hanyoyin kai hari na gama gari waɗanda galibi ke cin amfani da tsarin tabbatarwa.
5.5 Matsalar daidaiton kuɗi
Hanyoyin tattalin arziki suna tabbatar da cewa ƙarfafawa ya kasance daidai da tsaron tsarin.
6. Aiwatarwa
Aiwatar da TrueBit ya haɗa da Na'urar Kwaikwayo ta TrueBit da haɗawa da kwangilolin Ethereum masu hikima don aiki mara kyau.
7. Aikace-aikace
Yarjejeniyar tana ba da damar aikace-aikace masu yawa fiye da ainihin tabbatarwar lissafi.
7.1 Aikin haɗin gwiwar ma'adinai na rarrabuwa mai amfani
Tafkunan ma'adinai na rarrabuwa waɗanda kwangiloli masu hikima ke aiki da su suna kawar da wuraren kuskure na tsakiya.
7.2 Gadar Dogecoin-Ethereum
Gadoji marasa amana tsakanin tsare-tsaren kuɗaɗen dijital suna ba da damar canja wurin ƙima mara kyau.
7.3 Ƙarfin ɗaukar ma'amala mai girma
TrueBit yana ba da damar kuɗaɗen dijital tare da ƙarfin ɗaukar ma'amala mai yawa.
7.4 Zuwa ga tsarin babban bayanai
Ginin yana goyan bayan sarrafa bayanai masu girma akan hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain.
Bincike na Asali
TrueBit yana wakiltar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin girman blockchain ta hanyar magance ainihin Matsalar Mai Tabbatarwa wanda ya takura tsarin rarrabuwa tun daga farkonsu. Tsarin ƙirar layer biyu na sabon abu—haɗa layer na warware gardama dangane da wasannin tabbatarwa masu ma'ana tare da layer na ƙarfafawar tattalin arziki—ya haifar da ingantaccen tsari don lissafi marar amana wanda ke kiyaye tsaro yayin ƙara yawan kaya.
Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin girman blockchain na gargajiya kamar rarrabuwa (kamar yadda aka aiwatar a Ethereum 2.0) ko maganganun Layer-2 kamar Optimistic Rollups, TrueBit yana ɗaukar hanya daban-daban ta hanyar mai da hankali kan tabbatar da lissafi maimakon ingantaccen sarrafa ma'amala. Wannan bambance-bambance yana da mahimmanci: yayin da maganganu kamar zk-Rollups (kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin aikin farko na Buterin da sauransu) suka dogara da hujjojin sirri don inganci, TrueBit yana amfani da ƙarfafawar tattalin arziki da hanyoyin ka'idar wasa don tabbatar da daidaito. Tsarin kuskuren tilas na yarjejeniyar yana da wayo musamman, saboda yana gwada amincin tsarin tabbatarwa da aiki, kama da yadda tsarin haɗin kai na ci gaba yana gwada amincin software a cikin lissafi na gargajiya.
Wasan tabbatarwa na TrueBit yana kama da tsarin hujja mai ma'ana a cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta ta ka'ida, musamman aikin Goldwasser, Micali, da Rackoff akan hujjoji masu ma'ana, amma tare da mahimmin ƙari na ƙarfafawar tattalin arziki na tushen blockchain. Wannan haɗin yana haifar da abin da marubutan suka kira "kwamfutar yarjejeniya" wanda ke iya aiwatar da lissafi na sabani tare da ingancin tabbatacce. Tsaron tsarin ya dogara ne akan zaton cewa aƙalla mai tabbatarwa guda ɗaya mai gaskiya ya wanzu—zato da aka raba tare da tsarin da yawa na juriyar kuskure na Byzantine amma an aiwatar da shi a nan ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyin tattalin arziki.
Daga mahangar aiwatarwa, hanyar TrueBit na warware gardama ta hanyar raba biyu mataki-mataki yana da kyau kuma mai inganci, yana rage rikitarwar tabbatarwa daga O(n) zuwa O(log n) don lissafi na girman n. Wannan ma'auni na logarithmic yana da mahimmanci don aikace-aikace masu amfani, saboda yana ba da damar tabbatar da manyan lissafi ba tare da farashi mai yawa ba. Ƙirar yarjejeniyar tana nuna zurfin fahimtar duka tushen kimiyyar kwamfuta da ka'idar wasa na tattalin arziki, ƙirƙirar tsarin da ke da inganci a fasaha kuma mai dorewa a tattalin arziki.
Idan aka duba gaba, ginin TrueBit yana da tasiri fiye da lissafin blockchain. Za a iya amfani da ainihin ka'idoji zuwa tsarin rarrabuwa gabaɗaya, musamman a cikin yanayin da ake buƙatar tabbatar da sakamakon lissafi marar amana. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin binciken Gidauniyar Ethereum akan girman Layer-2, maganganu kamar TrueBit suna wakiltar muhimmiyar hanya don girman blockchain wanda ke haɓaka maimakon yin gasa da wasu hanyoyi.
Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha
Tushen Lissafi
Wasan tabbatarwa yana amfani da tsarin hujja mai ma'ana tare da kaddarorin masu zuwa:
- Cikakkiya: Idan maganar gaskiya ce, mai tabbatarwa mai gaskiya zai gamsu
- Sauti: Idan ƙarya ce, babu wani mai bayarwa zai iya gamsar da mai tabbatarwa mai gaskiya sai da ƙaramin yuwuwar
Warware gardama yana amfani da yarjejeniyar raba biyu tare da rikitarwa $O(\\log n)$ inda $n$ girman lissafi ne:
$$T_{verify} = O(\\log n) \\cdot T_{step}$$
Tsarin ƙarfafawa yana tabbatar da tsaron tattalin arziki ta hanyar:
$$E[reward_{honest}] > E[reward_{malicious}] + cost_{attack}$$
Ginin Tsarin
Na'urar Kwaikwayo ta TrueBit (TVM) tana aiwatar da lissafi a cikin yanayi mai ƙayyadaddun yanayi wanda ya dace da EVM na Ethereum amma an inganta shi don wasannin tabbatarwa.
Sakamakon Gwaji
Ma'aunin Aiki
Lokacin Tabbatarwa
Ma'auni na logarithmic tare da girman lissafi
Garanti na Tsaro
Tsaron tattalin arziki ta hanyar ƙarfafawa
Ƙaruwar Kaya
Idan aka kwatanta da Ethereum na asali
Zane-zane na Fasaha
Kwararar Wasan Tabbatarwa: Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi zagaye da yawa na ƙalubale-martani tsakanin masu warwarewa da masu tabbatarwa, tare da warware gardama ta hanyar bincike na binary har sai an gano kuskuren matakin lissafi. Kowane zagaye yana rage girman matsalar da rabi, yana tabbatar da warwarewa mai inganci.
Tsarin Ƙarfafawar Tattalin Arziki: Tsarin yana kiyaye daidaito tsakanin ladan masu warwarewa, ƙarfafawar masu tabbatarwa, da ajiyar kuɗi na tsaro don tabbatar da halaltaccen shiga yayin hana hanyoyin kai hari daban-daban.
Misalan Code
Ƙirƙirar Aikin TrueBit
// Mai warwarewa yana ƙaddamar da aiki
function submitTask(bytes memory code, bytes memory input) public payable {
require(msg.value >= MIN_DEPOSIT);
Task memory newTask = Task({
solver: msg.sender,
code: code,
input: input,
deposit: msg.value,
status: TaskStatus.Pending
});
tasks[taskCounter] = newTask;
emit TaskSubmitted(taskCounter, msg.sender);
taskCounter++;
}
// Mai tabbatarwa yana ƙalubalantar sakamako
function challengeResult(uint taskId, bytes memory claimedOutput) public {
require(tasks[taskId].status == TaskStatus.Pending);
challenges[taskId] = Challenge({
verifier: msg.sender,
claimedOutput: claimedOutput,
round: 0
});
initiateVerificationGame(taskId);
}Yarjejeniyar Wasan Tabbatarwa
// Yarjejeniyar raba biyu don warware gardama
function performBisection(uint taskId, uint step) public {
Challenge storage challenge = challenges[taskId];
// Ai wani mataki guda ɗaya kuma a ba da hujjar Merkle
(bytes32 stateHash, bytes32 proof) = executeStep(
tasks[taskId].code,
tasks[taskId].input,
step
);
// Ƙaddamar da aiwatar da mataki don tabbatarwa
emit StepExecuted(taskId, step, stateHash, proof);
// Ci gaba da raba biyu har sai an gano kuskure
if (challenge.round < MAX_ROUNDS) {
challenge.round++;
} else {
resolveFinalStep(taskId, step);
}
}Aikace-aikacen Gaba
Aikace-aikacen Gajeren Lokaci (1-2 shekaru)
- Lissafin Girgije na Rarrabuwa: Aiwatar da lissafi masu rikitarwa marasa amana
- Gadoji Tsakanin Sarka: Amintaccen canja wurin kadari tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain
- DeFi Mai Girma: Kayan aikin kuɗi masu rikitarwa akan blockchain
Aikace-aikacen Matsakaicin Lokaci (3-5 shekaru)
- Tabbatar da Samfurin AI: Aiwatarwa da tabbatarwa marasa amana na samfuran koyon inji
- Lissafin Kimiyya: Bincike mai maimaitawa ta hanyar lissafi mai tabbatacce
- Blockchain na Kamfani: Maganganun blockchain masu zaman kansu masu girma
Hangen Dogon Lokaci (5+ shekaru)
- Kwamfutar Duniya: Dandalin lissafi na duniya na rarrabuwa da gaske
- Sabis na Intanet Mai Tabbatarwa: Sabis na yanar gizo marasa amana tare da garanti na aiwatarwa
- Ƙungiyoyi Masu Cin Gashin kansu: DAOs masu rikitarwa tare da ayyuka masu tabbatacce
Nassoshi
- Teutsch, J., & Reitwießner, C. (2017). A scalable verification solution for blockchains. arXiv:1908.04756
- Buterin, V., et al. (2021). Combining GHOST and Casper. Ethereum Foundation.
- Goldwasser, S., Micali, S., & Rackoff, C. (1989). The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems. SIAM Journal on computing.
- Ethereum Foundation. (2020). Ethereum 2.0 Phase 1--Shard Chains.
- Luu, L., et al. (2016). A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains. ACM CCS.
- Ben-Sasson, E., et al. (2014). Zerocash: Decentralized anonymous payments from bitcoin. IEEE Security & Privacy.
- Szabo, N. (1997). Formalizing and securing relationships on public networks. First Monday.
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.
- Wood, G. (2014). Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger.
- Buterin, V. (2013). Ethereum white paper: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform.