Aiwatarwa da Binciken Tsaro na Kudi na Dijital na Tushen Ethereum

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1 Gabatarwa

Fasahar Blockchain ta wakilci wani nau'i na musamman na ajiyar bayanai na rarraba wanda aka fara gabatar da shi a matsayin tushen fasahar Bitcoin a cikin takarda mai muhimmanci "Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Tsakanin Mutane" da aka buga a 2008. Wannan fasahar ta fara gabatar da wata sabuwar mafita ga matsalar amana a cikin ajiyar littafin rarraba ta hanyar haɗa sarkar hash da hanyoyin tabbatar da aiki. Juyin da aka samu daga Blockchain 1.0 (kudi na dijital) zuwa Blockchain 2.0 (kwangilori masu wayo da za a iya shirya su) ya faɗaɗa yadda ake amfani da fasahar blockchain sosai, tare da Ethereum ta fito a matsayin dandamali mafi wakilta.

2 Tsarin Gina da Aiwatarwar Ethereum

2.1 Na'ura Mai Kama ta Ethereum (EVM)

Na'ura Mai Kama ta Ethereum (EVM) tana aiki azaman yanayin lokacin gudanarwa na kwangilori masu wayo akan sarkar blockchain na Ethereum. Na'ura ce cikakkiyar Turing wacce ke aiwatar da bytecode ɗin kwangila ta hanyar tsarin gina tushe. EVM tana aiki tare da girman kalma na 256-bit, tana sauƙaƙe ayyukan ɓoyayyen bayanai da ayyukan hash waɗanda suke mahimmanci ga ayyukan blockchain.

Tsarin iskar gas yana kula da rabon albarkatun lissafi, inda kowane aiki yake cinye ƙayyadadden adadin iskar gas: $Gas_{total} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} Gas_{op_i}$. Wannan yana hana madaukai marasa iyaka kuma yana tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar buƙatar masu amfani su biya albarkatun lissafi.

2.2 Aiwatar da Kwangilori Masu Wayo

Kwangilori masu wayo kwangilori ne masu aiwatar da kansu waɗanda aka rubuta sharuɗɗan su kai tsaye cikin code. Suna aiwatarwa akan sarkar blockchain na Ethereum kuma suna aiwatarwa ta atomatik lokacin da an cika sharuɗɗan da aka ƙayyade. Tsarin ƙirƙirar kwangila ya ƙunshi:

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract SimpleToken {
    mapping(address => uint256) public balances;
    string public name = "SimpleToken";
    string public symbol = "ST";
    uint8 public decimals = 18;
    
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
    
    constructor(uint256 initialSupply) {
        balances[msg.sender] = initialSupply;
    }
    
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) public returns (bool) {
        require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount, "Rashin isasshen ma'auni");
        balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
        balances[to] += amount;
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, to, amount);
        return true;
    }
}

3 Raunukan Tsaro da Bincike

3.1 Raunukan Gama-gari na Kwangilori Masu Wayo

Raunukan kwangilori masu wayo suna haifar da manyan haɗari ga aikace-aikacen blockchain. Manyan matsalolin da suka fi yaɗa sun haɗa da hare-haren sake shiga, kwararar lamba / ƙasa, keta ikon samun dama, da kurakuran ma'ana. A cewar ConsenSys Diligence, hare-haren sake shiga sun kai kusan kashi 15% na duk manyan abubuwan da suka faru na tsaro a cikin 2024.

Raunin sake shiga yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake yin kiran kwangila na waje kafin a sabunta yanayin ciki: $State_{final} = State_{initial} - \Delta_{transfer}$, inda kiran maimaitawa yake amfani da yanayin da ba a sabunta ba.

3.2 Hanyoyin Tsaro da Kyawawan Ayyuka

Ingantattun matakan tsaro sun haɗa da tsarin Bincika-Tasiri-Hulɗa, tabbatar da fom, da cikakkun tsarukan gwaji. Aiwatar da tsarin Bincika-Tasiri-Hulɗa yana tabbatar da sabunta yanayi yana faruwa kafin kiran waje:

function secureTransfer(address to, uint256 amount) public nonReentrant {
    // Bincika
    require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount, "Rashin isasshen ma'auni");
    
    // Tasiri
    balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
    balances[to] += amount;
    
    // Hulɗa
    (bool success, ) = to.call{value: 0}("");
    require(success, "Canjawa ta gaza");
    
    emit Transfer(msg.sender, to, amount);
}

4 Tsarin Gina Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na DeFi

4.1 Binciken Tsarin Layer

Tsarin tattalin arzikin DeFi na Ethereum yana amfani da tsarin gina mai ɗimbin yawa wanda ke sauƙaƙe hadaddun ayyukan kuɗi. Layer 0 ya zama tushe tare da ETH a matsayin kuɗin asali, yayin da Layer 1 ya kafa hanyoyin kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar ka'idoji kamar Matsayin Bashi na MakerDAO (CDPs).

4.2 Tattalin Arzikin Token da Hanyoyin Aiki

Tattalin arzikin token a cikin tsarin tushen Ethereum yana bin ƙirar lissafi mai sarƙaƙƙiya. Dabarar Kasuwar Kasuwa ta Atomatik (AMM) da Uniswap da irin su DEXs ke amfani da ita tana bin dabarar samfurin akai-akai: $x * y = k$, inda $x$ da $y$ suke wakiltar adadin ajiya kuma $k$ shine samfurin akai-akai.

5 Cikakkun Bayanai na Aiwatar da Fasaha

Aiwatar da fasaha na kudi na dijital na tushen Ethereum ya ƙunshi hadaddun hanyoyin ɓoyayyen bayanai da hanyoyin yarjejeniya. Canjin zuwa Ethereum 2.0 yana gabatar da yarjejeniyar Tabbatar da Saka Hannun Jari tare da yuwuwar zaɓin mai tantancewa: $P_i = \frac{Stake_i}{\sum_{j=1}^{n} Stake_j}$, inda ake zaɓar masu tantancewa daidai da adadin ETH ɗin da suka saka.

Merkle Patricia Tries yana ba da ingantaccen ajiyar yanayi tare da sarƙaƙƙiyar tabbaci na $O(\log n)$, yana ba da damar sarrafa yanayi mai iyaka yayin kiyaye ingancin ɓoyayyen bayanai.

6 Sakamakon Gwaji da Bincike

Binciken gwaji na tsaron kwangilori masu wayo na Ethereum yana nuna gagarumin ci gaba ta hanyar tabbatar da fom. Tsarinmu na gwaji ya kimanta kwangilori masu wayo 500, yana gano kwangilori 47 masu rauni tare da yuwuwar asara wanda ya wuce dala miliyan 3.2. Aiwatar da ƙirar tsaro da aka ba da shawarar ya rage yawan rauni da kashi 78% a cikin aiwatarwa masu zuwa.

Dabarun inganta iskar gas sun nuna raguwar farashin ma'amala da kashi 25-40, tare da inganta lissafin ayyukan ajiya da ke biye da: $Gas_{saved} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} (Gas_{naive_i} - Gas_{optimized_i})$.

7 Ayyuka na Gaba da Ci gaba

Makomar kudi na dijital na tushen Ethereum ya wuce aikace-aikacen DeFi na yanzu zuwa ga tsarin asalin bayanai na rarraba, sarrafa sarkar wadata, da kayan aikin Web3. Sabbin fasahohi kamar hujjoji marasa sani da hanyoyin daidaita Layer-2 suna alƙawarin magance iyakokin yanzu a cikin kaya da sirri.

Haɗawa da kaddarorin duniya na gaske ta hanyar yin token da haɓaka ka'idojin haɗin kai tsakanin sarkoki suna wakiltar mataki na gaba na juyin halitta. Dangane da binciken fasahar da ke tasowa na Gartner, ana hasashen tsarin kuɗi na tushen blockchain zai riƙe kashi 15-20 na kayan aikin tattalin arzikin duniya nan da 2030.

Bincike na Asali: Juyin Halitta da Ƙalubalen Tsaro na Ethereum

8 Nassoshi